Liquid animal repellant containing oils of black pepper and capsicum

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a novel liquid animal repellant composition which is environmentally safe, non-toxic, long-lasting and efficacious against a wide of animals such as dogs, cats, raccoons, skunks, mice, rats, squirrels, chipmunks, deer, etc.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of Invention

The present invention relates to liquid repellant compositions, a methodof repelling animals and a method of manufacture of a repellantcomposition.

2. Description of Prior Art

Various types of repellant compositions are well known in the art. Thenature of the repellant composition will vary depending upon the speciesof animal, bird or insect which it is intended to repel. Many of theknown repellants are based on man made chemicals and for this reason,are not considered desirable for ecological reasons. Many repellantcompositions have also been proposed which are environmentally friendlyin that they utilize naturally occurring ingredients. Among suchrepellants are those shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,455,304 which teaches theuse of a composition for repelling birds. This bird repellingcomposition includes a finely divided garlic constituent and a finelydivided cayenne pepper constituent. The patentee notes that neitherblack pepper nor white pepper is suitable for use. Similarly, U.S. Pat.No. 4,820,517 shows pepper extract has been also used as an insecticide.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,795,637 teaches the use of a rodent repellant powderwhich uses a thujone oil with a powder which can be selected from anumber of different products including tobacco dust, pepper powder,sulphur powder, etc. The thujone oil is derived from the cedar tree andis a natural repellant.

More recently, U.S. Pat. No. 6,159,474 has shown that a compositionproviding a finely divided powder having essential oils of black pepper,capsicum and an oleoresin can be an effective repellant against a wideof animals such as dogs, cats, raccoons, skunks, mice, rats, squirrels,chipmunks, deer, etc. The disclosure in U.S. Pat. No. 6,159,474 ishereby incorporated by reference into this specification as if fully setforth in its entirety.

However, the dry repellent formula of U.S. Pat. No. 6,159,474 is limitedin its application because it can not be used on vertical or ceilingsurfaces, applied in difficult to reach locations, or utilized onsurfaces where the granules can be hazardous, such as sidewalks, patios,paths, and other walkways.

Until the present invention, a liquid formulation of the composition ofessential oils of black pepper, capsicum and an oleoresin was notsuccessful. There were two major problems with making a liquidformulation. First was solubility. The essential oils and oleoresin donot ordinarily mix well in an aqueous solution. The inventors of thepresent invention succeeded in identifying appropriate emulsifiers andsuspension agents that would solubilize the active ingredients and alsobe non-toxic and environmentally friendly.

Furthermore, the inventors also succeeded in creating a liquid repellantcomprising the above essential oils and oleoresins together with one ormore adhesive composition which surprisingly increased the longevity ofthe liquid formulation and made the invention useful in areas where theprior art dry only repellant was not effective.

Until now there has not been an adequate animal repellant formulationcontaining essential oils and oleoresins that was capable of beingapplied as a liquid and was also environmentally safe and non-toxic.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide a liquid repellantwhich utilizes naturally occurring ingredients and has long-lastingeffectiveness.

It is a further object of the present invention according to thepreceding object and in which the naturally occurring ingredients arereadily available.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a liquidrepellant using naturally occurring ingredients and which repellant iseffective against animals and which repellant has minimal toxicity.

It is a still further object of the present invention to provide amethod for naturally repelling both domestic and other animals having anolfactory capability.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method ofmanufacture of a repellant having relatively non-toxic ingredients whichcan be readily carried out at a reasonable cost.

It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a liquidrepellant which is long lasting, environmentally friendly and can beapplied to surfaces not readily susceptible to treatment by the priorart dry only repellent.

According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided aliquid repellant composition comprising between about 0.05% and about 2%by weight of an essential oil component selected from the groupconsisting of the essential oils of black pepper and the essential oilof capsicum, between about 0.1% and about 10% by weight of an oleoresincomponent selected from the group consisting of the oleoresins of blackpepper and capsicum, an antioxidant in an amount sufficient to stabilizethe oleoresin and essential oil, an effective amount of an emulsifier, athickening agent, an adhesive, and the remainder water.

In an alternate embodiment, the present invention provides a liquidrepellant composition comprising between about 0.05% to about 2% byweight of an essential oil selected from the group consisting of theessential oils of black pepper and capsicum, between about 0.1% andabout 10% by weight of an oleoresin component selected from the groupconsisting of the oleoresins of black pepper and capsicum and betweenabout 0.1% and about 10% by weight of an oleoresin of rosemary as anantioxidant in an amount sufficient to stabilize the oleoresin andessential oil, an effective amount of an emulsifier selected from thegroup consisting of glycerol monostearate, Mapeg®, polysorbate 80 andAtmos® 300, Kelgum® as a thickening agent, a polyvinyl acetate adhesive,and the remainder water.

It has been surprisingly found that a liquid repellant composition ofthe type described which incorporates an appropriate adhesive or othercomposition providing adhesive properties not only retains the liquidrepellant composition effectively on contacted surfaces but also extendsresidual repellant power over extended periods of time. Adhesives knownor believed to be effective for the present invention include polyvinylacetate adhesives, glues such as Elmer's® glue and Titebond II®, andlatex polymer adhesives. Other compositions include latex paint and thelike. Water-soluble polyvinyl acetate adhesives are preferred for thepresent invention.

These and other objects of the present invention, as well as many of theattendant advantages thereof, will become more readily apparent whenreference is made to the following detailed description of the preferredembodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION AND PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In describing a preferred embodiment of the invention specificterminology will be resorted to for the sake of clarity. However, theinvention is not intended to be limited to the specific terms soselected, and it is to be understood that each specific term includesall technical equivalents which operate in a similar manner toaccomplish a similar purpose.

In its broadest aspects, the liquid repellant of the present inventionis adapted to be used for a wide variety of animal species. As such, forthe animal species, it can be utilized for both domestic and wildanimals which have an olfactory capability, including such animals asdogs, cats, deer, skunks, raccoons, groundhogs, gophers, etc. Use of therepellant has also been found to be effective against some species ofbirds, including, for example, pigeons, geese, etc.

The composition utilizes, in combination, two different activeingredients; an oleoresin selected from the group consisting of blackpepper and capsicum, and an essential oil of either black pepper orcapsicum. Black pepper is classified as the genus Piper, species PiperNigrum, and is the product of a shrub grown in a hot climate. The plantbears a small berry which is picked before it ripens and then dried.

The chemical compound which is responsible for the black pepper flavoris piperine. Piperine is soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, benzeneand water. Piperine is not very reactive unless in a solution.

The present invention may use two components of the black pepper, bothof which are commercially available. Thus, the present invention mayutilize, as two of the chemically active ingredients, an oleoresinselected from the group consisting of black pepper and capsicum, andalso an essential oil of either black pepper or capsicum.

In discovery of the formulation of the present invention, two problemsin the art had to be overcome. The first problem to be overcome was thesolubility of the essential oils and oleoresins in water. Since thesematerials do not mix easily, appropriate emulsifiers and suspendingagents needed to be identified. This was particularly difficult withconcentrate formulations where the essential oil and oleoresin contentsare high. The second problem was trying to increase the effectivenessand longevity of the product. The prior art dry product used lard tokeep the oils from volatilizing. Lard will not work in a liquidformulation.

The amount of the essential oil and oleoresin components may be variedand it is well within the skill of one knowledgeable in the art to sodo. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the oleoresin will bepresent in an amount of between about 0.1 to about 10% by weight of thecomposition and preferably between about 0.25% and about 2.25% in evenmore preferred embodiments, would be present in a range of between about1.0% and about 1.5% by weight. The oleoresin preferably has at leastabout 500,000 scoville heat units and more preferably in excess of about1,000,000 scoville heat units. The essential oil is preferably presentin a weight percentage of between about 0.05 and about 2% or preferablybetween about 0.1% and about 0.75% and even more preferably, betweenabout 0.4% and about 0.6% by weight.

Preferred embodiments of the invention include the use of othercomponents in the composition. Thus, in one preferred embodiment, onemay add the oleoresin of rosemary. Rosemary is an evergreen shrub of themint family Labiatae and is classified as genus Rosmarinus speciesRosmarinus Officinalis. The plant is widely used as an herb and is alsoused in perfumes. The use of the oleoresin of rosemary is desirable forproviding a longer lasting effect to the repellant composition. In thisrespect, the oleoresin of rosemary functions as an antioxidant tostabilize the oleoresins and essential oils. For example, the oleoresinof black pepper will normally oxidize within 2 weeks if it is notstabilized.

The percentage of the oleoresin of rosemary should be used in an amountsufficient to perform its function as an antioxidant while too large anamount of rosemary will tend to neutralize the active repellantcomponents. In general, the oleoresin of rosemary would be present in anamount of between about 0.01% and about 0.25% by weight and mostpreferably is present in an amount of between about 0.04% and about0.07% by weight.

Without being limited to any particular theory, the composition of thepresent invention appears to act on the sinuses of the animal. Inparticular, it is believed that the essential oils provide an olfactorydeterrent. Should the animal then attempt to taste the material, theoleoresins of capsicum and black pepper will reinforce the linkagebetween the smell and the undesirability of the same.

To assist in solubilizing the essential oils, the present inventionprovides soybean oil in a range of about 2% to about 7% by weight. Otheroils may be substituted for soybean oil, such as corn oil, mineral oil,rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, fish oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil,sesame oil, peanut oil, olive oil, safflower oil or other similar oils.

Glycerol monostearate, Mapeg®, polysorbate 80, and Atmos® 300 areemulsifiers. Mapeg® is a mixture of polyethylene glycol esters of mono-and di-esters of various fatty acids. Atmos® 300 is also a mixture ofmono- and di-esters of various fatty acids. Polysorbate 80 is otherwiseknown as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. Emulsifiers offergraduated hydrophilic to lipophilic surface active properties which makethem useful as primary and secondary emulsifiers with stability over awide range of formulating conditions. Lecithin may also be used as anatural emulsifier. It will be recognized by those skilled in the artthat compositions such as polysorbate 80 or Mapeg® can be substituted byother similar formulations of esters of fatty acids.

Thickening agents provide bulk by gelling or thickening the solution.Kelgum® is a mixture of xanthan gum and locust bean gum which is oftenused in thickening food products such as processed cheeses, cottagecheese, dressings, aspics and pâtés.

Adhesives are used in the various embodiments of the present inventionto help bind the formulation onto the surfaces it is sprayed on. Thishelps the formulation adhere to the sprayed surfaces and last longer inrepelling animals in a specific area. Many different types of adhesivesor glues can be used in the present invention. For example, glues suchas Elmer's® Glue and Titebond II® can be used in a range of about 1% toabout 20% by weight and preferably between about 8% and about 10% byweight for a ready-to-use product. Water-soluble polyvinyl acetateadhesives are the preferred adhesives, also in a range of about 1% toabout 20% by weight in the ready-to-use product, preferably betweenabout 8% and about 10% by weight, and most preferably about 9% byweight.

The method of manufacturing the repellent can be accomplished asfollows:

A. Premix 1

-   -   1) Heat oleoresin of black pepper to 80° C. until it forms a        liquid;    -   2) Add emulsifiers such as glycerol monostearate and polysorbate        80;    -   3) Cool to 50° C. and then add remaining oil, oleoresins and        thickening agents (if necessary);        B) Premix 2    -   1) Add water;    -   2) Add water-soluble polyvinyl acetate adhesive; and        C) Combine Premix 1 and Premix 2.

The compositions of the present invention may be dispensed in aconventional manner, and preferably from a standard pump-spraycontainer. The composition is first shaken in applicator and thensprayed on the target. Alternatively, the aqueous repellant compositionmay be packaged in a pressurized container such as a conventionalaerosol can or the like, utilizing an expandable gas, such as carbondioxide (CO₂) as a propellant in a well known manner. For optimumeffectiveness, the repellant composition of this invention is sprayeddirectly on targeted area to the point of runoff, and allowed to dry. Asecond coat of repellant can be added.

The following examples will provide illustrations of the use of theinvention.

EXAMPLE 1

Ready to Use Animal Repellant was Formulated in the FollowingPercentages by Weight: Oil of black pepper 0.5 Oleoresin of black pepper(40% piperine) 0.5 Oleoresin of capsicum 0.55 Oleoresin of rosemary 0.05polyvinyl acetate adhesive 9.0 Kelgum ® 0.07 Mapeg ® 0.5 Lecithin 3.0Acetic acid 0.6 Soybean oil 5.0 Water 80.23

The composition of Example 1 was manufactured as follows:

A. Premix 1

-   -   1) Soybean oil, Mapeg®, and lecithin are added together and        mixed until the composition is uniform;    -   2) The remaining oils and oleoresins and are then added to the        composition and mixing is continued until uniform.        B. Premix 2    -   1) The water and Kelgum® were combined and mixed until uniform;    -   2) Water-soluble polyvinyl acetate adhesive is then added and        the composition is again mixed until uniform.        C. Premix 1 and Premix 2 were then combined and mixing continued        until uniform.

Example 2

Ready to Use Animal Repellant was Formulated in the FollowingPercentages by Weight: Oil of Black Pepper 0.5 Oleoresin of Black Pepper(40% piperine) 0.5 Oleoresin of Capsicum 0.55 Oleoresin of Rosemary 0.05Polyvinyl acetate adhesive 9.0 Polysorbate 80 3.2 Glycerol monostearate4.8 Water 81.4

The composition of Example 2 was manufactured as follows:

A. Premix 1

-   -   1) The oleoresin of black pepper was heated to 80° C. until it        formed a liquid;    -   2) The glycerol monostearate and polysorbate 80 were then added        and mixed until uniform;    -   3) The composition is then cooled to 50° C. and then the        remaining oil, and oleoresins were added and mixed until        uniform.        B. Premix 2    -   1) Water-soluble polyvinyl acetate adhesive is combined with the        water component.        C. Combine Premix 1 and Premix 2.

Example 3

Animal Repellant Concentrate was Formulated in the Following Percentagesby Weight: Oil of Black Pepper 4.0 Oleoresin of Black Pepper (40%piperine) 4.0 Oleoresin of Capsicum 4.4 Oleoresin of Rosemary 0.4Polyvinyl acetate adhesive 19.0 Polysorbate 80 5.6 Glycerol monostearate8.4 Water 54.2

The composition of Example 3 was manufactured as follows:

A. Premix 1

-   -   1) The oleoresin of black pepper was heated to 80° C. until it        formed a liquid;    -   2) The glycerol monostearate and polysorbate 80 were then added        and mixed until uniform;    -   3) The composition is cooled to 50° C. and then the remaining        oil, and oleoresins were added and mixed until uniform.        B. Premix 2    -   1) Water-soluble polyvinyl acetate adhesive is combined with the        water component.        C. Combine Premix 1 and Premix 2.

Having described the invention, many modifications thereto will becomeapparent to those skilled in the art to which it pertains withoutdeviation from the spirit of the invention as defined by the scope ofthe appended claims.

1. A liquid animal repellant composition comprising: a) between about0.05% and about 2% by weight of an essential oil component selected fromthe group consisting of the essential oil of black pepper, the essentialoil of capsicum, and both; b) between about 0.1% and about 10% by weightof an oleoresin component selected from the group consisting of theoleoresin of black pepper, the oleoresin of capsicum, and both; c)between about 2% and about 10% by weight of a solubilizing oil; d) anantioxidant in an amount sufficient to stabilize the oleoresin componentand the essential oil component; e) an effective amount of anemulsifier, a thickening agent, and an adhesive; and f) the remainderwater.
 2. A liquid animal repellant composition comprising: a) betweenabout 0.05% to about 2% by weight of an essential oil selected from thegroup consisting of the essential oil of black pepper, the essential oilof capsicum, and both; b) between about 0.1% and about 10% by weight ofan oleoresin selected from the group consisting of the oleoresin ofblack pepper, the oleoresin of capsicum, and both; c) between about 2%and about 10% by weight of a solubilizing oil; d) between about 0.1% andabout 10% by weight of an antioxidant in an amount sufficient tostabilize the oleoresin component and the essential oil component; e) aneffective amount of an emulsifier selected from the group consisting ofglycerol monostearate, a mixture of mono- and di-esters of various fattyacids, a mixture of polyethylene glycol esters of mono- and di-esters ofvarious fatty acids, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate; f) aneffective amount of a mixture of xanthan gum and locust bean gum as athickening agent; g) an effective amount a polyvinyl acetate adhesive;and h) the remainder water.
 3. The liquid animal repellent compositionof claim 1, wherein said oleoresin component comprises between about0.25% and about 2.25% by weight.
 4. The liquid animal repellentcomposition of claim 1, wherein said oleoresin component comprisesbetween about 1.0% and about 1.5% by weight.
 5. The composition of claim1 wherein said essential oil is present in an amount of between about0.1% and about 0.75% by weight.
 6. The composition of claim 2 whereinsaid antioxidant is oleoresin of rosemary being present in an amount ofbetween 0.01% and 0.25% by weight.
 7. The composition of claim 6 whereinsaid oleoresin of rosemary is present in an amount of between 0.04% and0.07% by weight.
 8. The composition of claim 1 wherein said solubilizingoil is selected from the group consisting of soybean oil, corn oil,mineral oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, fish oil, cottonseed oil,linseed oil, sesame oil, peanut oil, olive oil, and safflower oil. 9.The composition of claim 2 wherein said solubilizing oil is selectedfrom the group consisting of: soybean oil, corn oil, mineral oil,rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, fish oil, cottonseed oil, linseed oil,sesame oil, peanut oil, olive oil, and safflower oil.
 10. Thecomposition of claim 1 wherein said oleoresin of capsicum has a minimumof 500,000 scoville heat units.
 11. The composition of claim 2 whereinsaid oleoresin of capsicum has a minimum of 500,000 scoville heat units.12. A liquid animal repellant composition comprising: 0.5% by weight ofoil of black pepper, 0.5% by weight of oleoresin of black pepper (40%piperine), 0.55% by weight of oleoresin of capsicum, 0.05% by weight ofoleoresin of rosemary, 9% by weight of a water-soluble polyvinyl acetateadhesive, 0.07% by weight of a mixture of xanthan gum and locust beangum, 0.5% by weight of a mixture of polyethylene glycol esters of mono-and di-esters of various fatty acids, 3% by weight of lecithin, 0.6% byweight of acetic acid, 5% by weight of soybean oil, and 80.23% by weightof water.
 13. A liquid animal repellant composition comprising: 0.5% byweight of oil of black pepper, 0.5% by weight of oleoresin of blackpepper (40% piperine), 0.55% by weight of oleoresin of capsicum, 0.05%by weight of oleoresin of rosemary, 9% by weight of a water-solublepolyvinyl acetate adhesive, 4% by weight of polyoxyethylene sorbitanmonooleate, 4% by weight of glycerol monostearate, and 81.4% by weightof water.
 14. A concentrated liquid animal repellant compositioncomprising: 4% by weight of oil of black pepper, 4% by weight ofoleoresin of black pepper (40% piperine), 4.4% by weight of oleoresin ofcapsicum, 0.4% by weight of oleoresin of rosemary, 19% by weight of awater-soluble polyvinyl acetate adhesive, 7% by weight ofpolyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, 7% by weight of glycerolmonostearate, and 54.2% by weight of water.
 15. A method for repellinganimals, the method comprising the steps of applying to an area to beprotected an effective amount to repel a desired animal of a liquidanimal repellant composition of claim
 1. 16. A method of manufacturing aliquid animal repellent composition of claim 1 comprising the steps of:a) adding soybean oil, a mixture of polyethylene glycol esters of mono-and di-esters of various fatty acids, and lecithin together and mixinguntil the composition is uniform; b) adding the remaining oils andoleoresins to the mixture of step a) and continuing mixing untiluniform; c) combining the water and a mixture of xanthan gum and locustbean gum separately and mixing until uniform; d) adding a water-solublepolyvinyl acetate adhesive to the mixture of step c) and continuingmixing until uniform; and e) combining the mixtures from steps b) and d)and continuing mixing until uniform.
 17. A method of manufacturing aliquid animal repellent composition of claim 1 comprising the steps of:a) heating the oleoresin of black pepper to about 80° C. until it formsa liquid; b) adding glycerol monostearate and polyoxyethylene sorbitanmonooleate to the mixture of step a) and mixing until uniform; c)cooling the mixture to 50° C. and adding the remaining oil, andoleoresins to the mixture of step b) and continuing mixing untiluniform; d) combining separately, a water-soluble polyvinyl acetateadhesive with the water component; and e) adding the mixture from stepc) to the mixture from step d) and continuing mixing until uniform.